init
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linux/installation.md
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linux/installation.md
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---
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layout: default
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title: Linux installation
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categories: linux
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---
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In case of installation on VM make the disk image
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```
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qemu-img create -f qcow2 debian.qcow2 16G
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```
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|
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Other format option
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|
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```
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qemu-img create -f raw debian.raw 16G
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-drive file=disk.raw,format=raw
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```
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Start the VM with [bios](https://github.com/clearlinux/common/raw/master/OVMF.fd)
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```bash
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qemu-system-x86_64 -bios OVMF.fd -m 1G -drive file=debian.qcow2,format=qcow2 \
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-cdrom debian-12.2.0-amd64-netinst.iso
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```
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Go through the installation process and then power off the VM
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Start VM with command
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|
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```bash
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qemu-system-x86_64 -bios OVMF.fd -m 1G -smp 6 \
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-net user,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 -net nic \
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-drive file=debian.qcow2,format=qcow2
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```
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## Prepare install media on macOS
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Insert and unmount an USB stick
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```bash
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diskutil unmount /dev/disk2s1
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```
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|
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Here is how we can list all the disks attached to the system
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|
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```bash
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diskutil list
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```
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|
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Writing image to the USB device (notice that we do not write to a partition)
|
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|
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```bash
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sudo dd if=archlinux-2021.01.01-x86_64.iso of=/dev/disk2
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```
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|
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then flush the data by ejecting the drive
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|
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```bash
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sudo sync
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diskutil eject /dev/disk2
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```
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|
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# Debian sid
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This is the Debian setup where most of the examples shown on the website should work.
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Download links:
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<!-- https://www.debian.org/CD/live/ -->
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- [amd64 - Install disc](https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-cd/debian-12.2.0-amd64-netinst.iso)
|
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- [amd64 - Live disc](https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/)
|
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|
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During installation select SSH server, standard system utilities and no desktop
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|
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#### Allowing login root user from the network
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|
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This is our testing installation, so we do not care about security, but easiness and convenience.
|
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|
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```bash
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nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
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```
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|
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`Ctrl-o` `Ctrl-x`
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|
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Put this line in the file
|
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```plain
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PermitRootLogin yes
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```
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|
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and then
|
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|
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```bash
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systemctl restart sshd
|
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```
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|
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From now on you can log in to the VM using ssh connection
|
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|
||||
```
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ssh -p 2222 user@localhost
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```
|
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|
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### Making it the sid
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|
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|
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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|
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```
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deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
|
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```
|
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|
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```bash
|
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apt update
|
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apt upgrade
|
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apt dist-upgrade
|
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apt autoremove
|
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|
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apt install firmware-linux-nonfree
|
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```
|
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|
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### Tools
|
||||
|
||||
|
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```sh
|
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apt install neovim clang
|
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```
|
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|
||||
**Swift**
|
||||
|
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Dependencies
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
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apt install build-essential libcurl4-openssl-dev binutils git gnupg2 libc6-dev \
|
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libedit2 libsqlite3-0 libxml2-dev libz3-dev pkg-config tzdata \
|
||||
tzdata unzip zlib1g-dev libgcc-9-dev libncurses-dev \
|
||||
libstdc++-9-dev
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Missing dependencies for Debian sid
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
libpython3.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Installed instead
|
||||
|
||||
```plain
|
||||
apt install libpython3.10-dev python3-clang python3-lldb
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Downloading and installing
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
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wget https://download.swift.org/swift-5.9.1-release/ubuntu2204/swift-5.9.1-RELEASE/swift-5.9.1-RELEASE-ubuntu22.04.tar.gz
|
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|
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tar -xf swift-5.9.1-RELEASE-ubuntu22.04.tar.gz
|
||||
mv swift-5.9.1-RELEASE-ubuntu22.04 /opt/swift-5.9.1
|
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```
|
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|
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|
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add this line to `/etc/profile` so the path will be added for all the users
|
||||
|
||||
```plain
|
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export PATH="$PATH:/opt/swift-5.9.1/usr/bin"
|
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```
|
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|
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# Archlinux
|
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|
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Links:
|
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- [torrents with ISO files](https://archlinux.org/releng/releases/)
|
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- [latest ISO version from HTTP mirror](https://geo.mirror.pkgbuild.com/iso/latest/)
|
||||
- [Offline: Most recent installation guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Offline_installation)
|
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- [UEFI: Most recent installation guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/installation_guideI)
|
||||
|
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# Installation
|
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|
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Note: in case case it is Mac mini. Hold alt (option) button on boot up and select the install disk.
|
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|
||||
Here are commands to check what discs are attached to the system
|
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|
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```bash
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cat /proc/partitions
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ls /dev/[s|x|v]d*
|
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lsblk
|
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fdisk –l
|
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ls /dev | grep ‘^[s|v|x][v|d]’$*
|
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```
|
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|
||||
<!--
|
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The install disk has free space which we can use (for example to create install scripts in case we use the install disk several times)
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|
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cfdisk /dev/sdb
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|
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Select thf freespace and hit `[New]` and `Enter` => `[Write]` => `enter` => `yes` =>`Enter` => `[Quit]`
|
||||
|
||||
Now we have unformatted partition. To screate FAT32 execute this commend
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mount it as home folder
|
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mount /dev/sdb4 /root
|
||||
# and go to the new home root
|
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cd
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|
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# this command was given by arch wiki but do not work for me
|
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# https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/FAT
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now I realized I can edit system, so the partition that I have just created I can mount on start. There are steps I took.
|
||||
|
||||
- On the USB stick there is prtition named Gap1. I remove it becouse it seems to not be needed. I use `gparted` for that.
|
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- Shrink vfat partition to 8000 MiB and place it at the and.
|
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|
||||
- Crate partitions to look like this: `[1: 628.97MiB]` `[2: 2.2 GiB]` `[3: 59 MiB]` `[4: 4000 MiB]` `[5: 8000MiB]`
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1. `ARCH202101`: It is the oryginal partition ISO9660 I had after writing image
|
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2. Freespace that will might be used when I edit the first partition
|
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3. The UEFI partition where is placed bootloader that starts sysyem that is located on the first partition. This partition comes form the orygunal image.
|
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4. `CHROOT`: This parition will contains files of the installer system. They are placed on Ext4 partition, so we can edit files and regenerate ISO file from it.
|
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5. Home folder for root user, so when we can write scripts, store files so we can use them in other instalation process.
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||||
|
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Now we copy read only files from read only system to writable partition
|
||||
|
||||
sudo mount -o loop /media/artur/ARCH202101/arch/x86_64/airfs.sfs /mnt
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sudo cp -T /mnt /media/artur/CHROOT
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
Update packages manager
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -Sy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Make a partition table
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
parted -s /dev/sda mktable GPT
|
||||
```
|
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|
||||
### Create partitions
|
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|
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In this case:
|
||||
|
||||
- 300MB → UEFI
|
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- 16GB → Swap
|
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- Rest → System
|
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|
||||
List all types of partitions
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
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sfdisk -T
|
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```
|
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|
||||
#### First way: Using `sfdisk`
|
||||
|
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```bash
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sfdisk /dev/sda << EOF
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,300,ef
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,16000,S,h
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||||
;
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or pipe to the program like
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo ',,c;' | sfdisk /dev/sdd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Secund way: Using `fdisk`
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
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fdisk /dev/sda << FDISK_CMDS
|
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g
|
||||
n
|
||||
1
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||||
|
||||
+300MiB
|
||||
t
|
||||
1
|
||||
n
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
+16GiB
|
||||
t
|
||||
2
|
||||
19
|
||||
n
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
t
|
||||
3
|
||||
20
|
||||
w
|
||||
FDISK_CMDS
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Therd way
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
cfdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Formatting
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
|
||||
mkswap /dev/sda2
|
||||
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Mounting partitions
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
|
||||
swapon /dev/sda2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Installing base packages
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Chrooting
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
arch-chroot /mnt << CHROOT
|
||||
#commands
|
||||
CHROOT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or just `arch-chroot /mnt` and then commands
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "archlinux" > /etc/hostname
|
||||
sed -i "s/#en_US/en_US/g" /etc/locale.gen
|
||||
locale-gen
|
||||
echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
|
||||
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
|
||||
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Warsaw /etc/localtime
|
||||
hwclock --systohc --utc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Run 32bit apps
|
||||
|
||||
open → `/etc/pacman.conf` and uncomment `[multilib]` section
|
||||
|
||||
Installing additional software
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -Syu
|
||||
pacman -S zsh --noconfirm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Setup users
|
||||
|
||||
Set password for root
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
passwd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create user
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
useradd -mg users -G wheel,storage,power -s /usr/bin/zsh user
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
passwd user
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can force user to change password
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
chage -d 0 user
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
visudo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
cat >> /etc/sudoers <<EOL
|
||||
%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
EOL
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Setting up bootloader
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -S grub efibootmgr dosfstools os-prober mtools --noconfirm
|
||||
mkdir /boot/EFI
|
||||
mount /dev/sda1 /boot/EFI
|
||||
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/EFI --bootloader-id=grub_uefi --recheck
|
||||
|
||||
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
then `exit` and
|
||||
|
||||
Generate `fstab`
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- `umount -a`
|
||||
- `poweroff`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Install any Linux out from VM
|
||||
|
||||
Create OS archive locally using rsync
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
rsync -aAXHSv /* /root/winux --exclude={/dev/*,/proc/*,/sys/*,/tmp/*,/run/*,/mnt/*,/root/*,/media/*,/lost+found,/home/*/.gvfs}
|
||||
tar -cvjSf winux.tar.bz2 winux
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
tar -cvjSf winux.tar.bz2 / --exclude={/dev/*,/proc/*,/sys/*,/tmp/*,/run/*,/mnt/*,/root/*,/media/*,/lost+found,/home/*/.gvfs}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create archive and move it to the host
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssh -p 2222 root@localhost 'tar -cvjS / --exclude={/dev/*,/proc/*,/sys/*,/tmp/*,/run/*,/mnt/*,/root/*,/media/*,/lost+found,/home/*/.gvfs} --to-stdout' > winux.tar.bz2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Extract files to the destination drive
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
tar -xvjf winux.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/sys
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Moving_an_existing_install_into_(or_out_of)_a_virtual_machine
|
||||
|
||||
Then generate fstab
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
genfstab -U /mnt/sys > /mnt/sys/etc/fstab
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
## More customisation
|
||||
|
||||
#### DHCP
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pacman -S dhcpcd --noconfirm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```s
|
||||
systemctl enable dhcpcd
|
||||
systemctl start dhcpcd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
dhcpcd enp3s0f0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ip a
|
||||
|
||||
ping -c2 google.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Sway
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -S git meson wlroots wayland wayland-protocols \
|
||||
pcre2 json-c pango cairo gdk-pixbuf2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/swaywm/sway.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
building
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git checkout v1.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Disable waring as errors in `meson.build` 10 line `'werror=false'`
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
meson build/
|
||||
ninja -C build/
|
||||
sudo ninja -C build/ install
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Interesting software
|
||||
|
||||
- zathura - PDF reader
|
||||
- poppler => gives pdftotext
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Building own environment (inside QEMU) - Archlinux
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -S qemu-guest-agent
|
||||
systemctl enable --now qemu-guest-agent
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### install software to build and run
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pacman -S egl-wayland meson wlroots wayland wayland-protocols pcre2 json-c pango cairo gdk-pixbuf2 scdoc cmake less xorg-xwayland xdg-desktop-portal-wlr xdg-desktop-portal-gtk ttf-bitstream-vera gnu-free-fonts noto-fonts ttf-croscore ttf-dejavu ttf-droid ttf-ibm-plex ttf-liberation xorg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/swaywm/sway.git
|
||||
cd sway/
|
||||
git checkout v1.8
|
||||
|
||||
meson build/
|
||||
ninja -C build/
|
||||
sudo ninja -C build/ install
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Building own environment (inside QEMU) - Debian
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apt install -y libnvidia-egl-wayland-dev meson libwlroots-dev wayland-utils wayland-protocols libpcre2-dev libjson-c-dev \
|
||||
libpango-1.0-0 libpangocairo-1.0-0 libcairo2-dev libpango1.0-dev libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev scdoc cmake xwayland bochs bochs-sdl bochs-term bochs-wx bochs-x \
|
||||
vgabios xscreensaver-gl xscreensaver-gl-extra mesa-vulkan-drivers mesa-utils-bin mesa-utils mesa-drm-shim mesa-common-dev \
|
||||
libglx-mesa0 libglw1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dri libglapi-mesa libgl1-mesa-dri libgbm-dev weston libweston-12-dev curl htop \
|
||||
openssh-server neovim zsh ruby python3 cmake rust-all ruby-dev ruby-full build-essential npm r-base r-base-dev fzf rclone \
|
||||
rtorrent htop bundler neomutt golang ghc cabal-install gulp npm neovim mc tree cmake scala maven imagemagick hexedit erlang \
|
||||
nasm binutils nim tmux wget httpie yarn meson util-linux ninja-build git fakeroot build-essential ncurses-dev xz-utils \
|
||||
libssl-dev bc flex libelf-dev bison python3-pip libisl-dev texinfo libmpfr-dev libmpc-dev libgmp3-dev genisoimage clang \
|
||||
libboost-tools-dev libboost-dev libboost-system-dev gcc g++ make pkg-config libgtk-3-dev libgstreamer1.0-dev \
|
||||
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev cmake ninja-build coreutils libxml2-dev libsqlite3-dev libicu-dev libxslt-dev libjpeg-dev \
|
||||
libpng-dev libwebp-dev libsecret-1-dev binutils git gnupg2 libc6-dev libcurl4 libedit2 libgcc-9-dev libsqlite3-0 libstdc++-9-dev \
|
||||
libxml2 libz3-dev pkg-config tzdata zlib1g-dev python3 apt-file libwayland-server++1 libwayland-server0 freerdp2-dev \
|
||||
freerdp2-wayland libpam-freerdp2-dev libavutil-dev libavcodec-dev libavutil-dev libavformat-dev fossil krusader texlive-full \
|
||||
openssh-server neovim zsh ruby python3 cmake binutils git gnupg2 libc6-dev libcurl4 libedit2 libgcc-9-dev libsqlite3-0 \
|
||||
libstdc++-9-dev libxml2 libz3-dev pkg-config tzdata zlib1g-dev python3 rust-all ruby-dev ruby-full build-essential npm \
|
||||
r-base r-base-dev fzf rclone rtorrent htop bundler neomutt golang ghc cabal-install gulp npm neovim mc tree cmake scala \
|
||||
maven imagemagick hexedit erlang nasm binutils nim tmux wget httpie yarn meson util-linux ninja-build python3-pip libisl-dev \
|
||||
texinfo libmpfr-dev libmpc-dev libgmp3-dev genisoimage clang libboost-tools-dev libboost-dev libboost-system-dev git fakeroot \
|
||||
build-essential ncurses-dev xz-utils libssl-dev bc flex libelf-dev bison gcc g++ make pkg-config cmake ninja-build \
|
||||
coreutils libgtk-3-dev libgstreamer1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev libxml2-dev libsqlite3-dev libicu-dev libxslt-dev \
|
||||
libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libwebp-dev libsecret-1-dev
|
||||
```
|
||||
-->
|
||||
31
linux/systemd.md
Normal file
31
linux/systemd.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Systemd
|
||||
layout: default
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Example with `kodi` : `/lib/systemd/system/kodi.service`
|
||||
|
||||
```ini
|
||||
[Unit]
|
||||
Description = Kodi Media Center
|
||||
After = remote-fs.target network-online.target
|
||||
Wants = network-online.target
|
||||
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
User = pi
|
||||
Group = pi
|
||||
Type = simple
|
||||
ExecStart = /usr/bin/kodi-standalone
|
||||
; ExecStart = /usr/bin/su %i /usr/bin/kodi-standalone
|
||||
Restart = on-abort
|
||||
RestartSec = 5
|
||||
|
||||
[Install]
|
||||
WantedBy = multi-user.target
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
systemctl enable kodi
|
||||
systemctl start kodi
|
||||
```
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue